清华大学学报 (自然U学?/span>) 2008 q?/span> W?/span> 48 ?/span> W?/span> 11 ?/span>
宏?/span>
摘要: 从清华大学案馆相关历史卷中, 查到了中国航天之父——钱学森?span lang="EN-US"> 1934 q被清华大学选派为留学生前?span lang="EN-US">,
与清华大学校方联pȝ若干亲笔信g, 以及(qing)回国后在清华大学创办工程力学研究班和自动化进修班、ؓ(f)C国培MW一批工E力学和自动化专业h才、ؓ(f)?dng)后的航天事业的发展准备了师资力量等诸多历史史?span lang="EN-US">, 说明钱学与清华大学之情~?/span>
1935 q暑期国际著名数学家、美国麻省理工学院教授诺伯特•维U?/span>(N·W iener)作ؓ(f)甉|pd数学pȝ客教授应邀(g)来清华大学历时一q?/span>1948 q他因创立控制论而誉满世界，而创立控制论的思想与他在清华大学的工作有着不解的渊源关pR本文作者早?/span>1980q和2001q已作过考证[1- 2 ]。而今天要介绍的是作ؓ(f)清华大学公派留学生钱学森?/span>N. l纳来清华同q的暑期Q?/span> 却从中国赴美国麻省理工学院攻ȝ士学位，q在1954q运用维U的控制论思想和方法创立了工程控制论，同样享誉国际学术界?/span>1955q钱学森在党和政府关怀和帮助下冲破国的封锁和q害Q毅然回到祖国，Z国两弹一星和航天事业做出了不朽A(ch)献，被誉Z国航天之父。七十年代后期又提出了系l科学概念，得到国际U学界的高度评h(hun)。宋健院士称“控制论和系l科学与中国有不解之~”这与钱学森的A(ch)献是分不开?/span>[3 ]Q?/span>本文作者从最q的考证中更认识到钱学森的成׃清华大学亦有不解之缘?/span>(该文中所有信函资料皆来源于清华大学案馆相关部分案卷)
1 1934 q钱学森考取了清华大学第二届留美公费?/span>
1934 q钱学森毕业于上交通大学机械系铁道工程专业Q?/span>同年他以优异的成l考取了清华大学第二届留美公费生，与他同时考取的有上v交通大学土木系毕业的张光斗Q以?qing)清华大学物理系毕业的王?gu)和n?ji)章Q历史系的夏鼐等?/span>
录取以后原打派往国加尼尼亚州某大?/span>,后接当时中国航空委员?x)钱昌祚委员?/span>
函云Q“欲指派pʎM. I . T. ȝ理工学院学习(fn)航空专业。?/span> ?/span>1931q九(ji)•一八日本R略东北三省，中国面(f)战争危险之中Q?/span>国家急需发展航空工业和空军。急需航空工程人才。从1934 q?/span>11?/span>2?/span>钱昌给梅贻琦校长的信函可以证明?/span>
航空委员?x)的钱昌致函梅校长?/span>:
月涵校长夫子…?/span>
q奉留美公费考试委员?x)约担Q航空门机架组指导员；查此ơ考试,前闻拟录取航I工E门二名Q现在减一名……示知， 至于录取M IT ȝ工大求学该校?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="?>?/st1:personname>教授人数较他校多Q设备及(qing)评亦俱完善Q尽可由母校通知早日办理入学手箋。且为易於选课赯, 似可仿照上届航空工程之生办法g月间放洋Q先入暑校习(fn)毕各大学部未了评Q俾研究部求学时可减至一q或q半Q可否之处仍酌核，?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="于钱">于钱君在国内服务之指g不必令其q道来(dn)面商Q请其在校时成l单?qing)报考相片抄寄一份备查俾可函介先至京杭厂实习(fn)Q候有便时再约其晤谈也, 再者…?/span>
钱昌}上十一?/span> ?/span>
Z佉K学森在ʎ留学前能了解此ơ留学之dQ?/span>补习(fn)一些航I工E专业的知识, q实际参加一些航I工E的实践zdQ?/span>学校Ҏ(gu)安排在他赴美?/span>,让他到南昌去面见钱昌以得到他的亲自指导q安排他到杭州飞机制造厂、南昌第二航IZ理厂和南京第一航空修理厂参观实?/span>Q?/span>后来又派Chv军制造飞机处实习(fn)。通过q些实践zd佉K学森学到许多从未接触q的航空知识Q?/span>了解到航I工业生产实践过E?/span>Q?/span>他认些活动ؓ(f)他去国攻读航空专业打下很好的基?/span>
刉厂监理?/span>Q?/span>王禹?/span>1934q?/span>11?/span>19?/span>中央杭州飞机厂致函梅校长?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">
……学生钱学森业已接见嘱其前来敝处研习(fn)予以相当指导Q?/span>臛_到美应入之学亦已酌定ȝ理工大学?/span>
h该生函称父病d星期后始能来厂。…?/span>
1934q?/span>12?/span>9?/span> 钱学致清华?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">
……学即到厂开始工?/span>Q?/span>初一星期在厂中各部见?fn)以了解其全体概?/span>,明了飞机各部Zg刉程序及(qing)其分配工作办法，注意於合装配部,研究每一Zg之功?/span>Q?/span>如是者一星期随时学习(fn)寚w机制造方?/span>Q?/span>已知其大?/span>Q?/span>W二星期卛_始在各部分别详细学习(fn)Q?/span>自土木部开始亦已一星期?/span>Q?/span>王禹?/span>先生在暇时授学森的实际飞计的Ҏ(gu)?qing)如何阅dE杂志及(qing)试验报告Q?/span>焉学森实习(fn)两星期…?/span>
1935q?/span>6?/span>3?/span> 钱学致清华?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">
谨启?/span>Q?/span>日前贵处寄下之留学证书及(qing)介绍信两?/span>Q?/span>q美领v加签出国护照?qing)体格检查书一?/span>Q?/span>均已收到Q?/span>唯该规则W六?/span>Q?/span>a?qing)体格检查专交双䆾,故尚~Z?/span>Q?/span>请印Cؓ(f)再允许入学证?/span>Q?亦请早日寄下Q?/span>以便办理手箋也。再敝h现已自南昌ʎ?/span>Q?/span>曑ֈ南昌航委处谒Q?/span>然贵处会(x)计处乞未旅费发?/span>Q?/span>学森实无力长期垫Ƒ֊误告贵较会(x)计处该Ƒ֏(qing)六月份生z费寄下为盼此上?/span>
清华大学校长办公?/span>
钱学}?st1:chsdate w:st="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="3" month="6" year="2009">六月三日
在ʎȝ理工学院留学的过E?/span>Q?/span>q有一D小插?/span>Q?/span>钱学考取清华留美公费生后Q?/span>校方为其安排两位老师Q?/span>都是当时航空专业的专?/span>Q?/span>一?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="王士?>王士?/st1:personname>教授他是当时清华大学?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="IZ?>IZ?/st1:personname>教授Q?/span>在国内负有盛?/span>Q?/span>q有一位是Q?/span>是我国早q的航空工程?/span>Q?/span>设计q制造了中国W一代飞机。期间王助曾以私人名义热心ؓ(f)他与ȝ理工学院航空工程pM?/span>Hun saker 教授取得联系Q?/span>ȝ同意钱提前ʎ?/span>Q?/span>可进入该校暑 期补修班学习(fn) In t roduct i on toA eromechan ics ?/span> In t roduct i on to A irp lane Design{课E。如果这样即可在W二q入研究?/span>,可羃短硕士学?fn)时间。ؓ(f)此他致函清华大学甌提前出国,校方回函同意了他的请?/span> “准于五月中旬ʎ”。ƈU极与当时教育部联系,后因教育部留学证书迟q未办妥此事未成?/span>,所以仍安原计划q行?/span>
1935q?/span>4?/span>21?/span> 钱学致清华?/span>:
贵处来函所?qing)实习(fn)旅行费用?/span>Q?/span>敬?zhn)一?/span>Q?/span>按学定五月中由杭ʎ沪往南昌航委?/span>Q?/span>回程再由南京上v飞机厂参观…?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="王助">王助先生以私格函询美ȝ工程航空pM?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">Prof . Hunsaker 以学到就学事现复函已到最好学能于六月到可入该校暑期学校补?/span> Introduction to A eromechanics ?/span>In troduction to A irplane Design 专科Q?/span>如此则在U季开学即可入其本U四q?/span>Q?/span>W二q入其研IqD前届庚Ƅ公费生Q?/span>谓如Q?/span>则在W二q暑期时可以抽假参观各工?/span>Q?/span>各研I所Q?/span>而又致媄(jing)响学?/span>,王助先生亦以能如此最?/span>Q?/span>不知贵处可否变通允许学早日出国…?/span>
钱学 二十四年四月二十一?/span>
学校校办批示“准于五月中旬ʎ?/span>Q?/span>各项手箋望即办理?/span>(ȝ4?/span>29?/span>Q?st1:chsdate w:st="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" month="4" year="2009">4?/span>30?/span>来函?/span>)?/span>1935q?/span>5?/span>7?/span>钱学致清华?/span>Q?/span>学森前上一函言?qing)提前出国事照麻省理工学院暑期开学在六月故必在五月底以前到美方可Q?/span>然留学证书等?/span>Q?/span>贵处乞未寄下而办理出国护照等手箋又非一星期不可Q?/span>故前出国事祗得作|?/span>Q?/span>此后一切仍照原有计划进?/span>Q?/span>现学已C?/span>Q?/span>拟于下星期ʎ南昌更ʎ南京至第一飞机修理厂参?/span>Q?/span>q沪当至军飞机处参观…?/span>
学校回复?/span>Q?/span>?/span>3 .15寄出Q?/span>当未得教学部留学证书。?/span>
Z更好C解航I工E?/span>Q?他在杭州?x)见?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="王士?>王士?/st1:personname>教授Q?/span>当时王士倬正在清华大学航I工E教学组当教?/span>Q?/span>q亲自设计、监督制造了直流式或回气式风z模?/span>Q?/span>试验l果良好?/span>1935 q春Q在他的L下又设计了当时最新式回气式风z?/span>Q?/span>风洞直径最处5英尺Q?/span>最大处U?/span>10英尺Q?/span>?/span>50余英?/span>Q?/span>回{速达1400 r/minQ?/span>能减?/span> 300 r/min, 节制比较_Q?/span>因此风洞口径中之I气速度Q?/span>可自每小?/span>100英里减至30?/span>40英里Q?/span>在此基础?/span>Q?/span>同时{备推进航空研究事业[4 ] ?/span>
q项I洞工程各样都与国ȝ理工学院和加州理工学院之风洞总Q?/span>不仅在中?/span>Q?/span>而且在世界上亦是一的。钱从王士倬的说话中得知此?/span>Q?/span>他以极大的热情和兴趣要亲自ʎ母校一睹其风貌Q?/span>于是写信l学校要求北?/span>Q?/span>q且得知,可以有更多时间向他学?fn)更多的知识。学校征得王士倬意见后同意了他的请?/span>Q?/span>q说梅校长亦极想与他见面?/span>
1935q?/span>6?/span>25?/span> 钱学致清华?/span>:
日前贉|?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="I工E?>I工E?/st1:personname>教授?/span>Ҏ(gu)先生处会(x)?/span>Q?/span>说及(qing)风洞讄?/span>Q?/span>学森现拟北上赴贵校一观其I竟Q?/span>想与学森来研究不无帮助Q?/span>Ҏ(gu)先生亦以为然Q?/span>?st1:personname w:st="on" productid="d?>d?/st1:personname>先生暑期要留校则更可受教不少?/span>Q?/span>道又可在|办理出国护照事亦多便利处?/span>Q?/span>茲将往q旅贚w列?/span>Q?/span>仍恳贵处早日核定…?/span>
1935 q?/span>7 ?/span>2 日校办致函王士倬询?/span>Q?/span>王先生七月内该工E研I进至相当程度钱君来观ؓ(f)有益?/span>7?/span>3?/span>王士倬答?/span>Q?/span>留美生来母校参观倬意在原则上应予鼓励至于风洞工程届时可观处仍不多也?/span>
1935q?/span>7?/span>4?/span>学校回复“希L(fng)来^Q本校校长梅先生亦极思与台端一唔也……?/span>
q次来清华大学参观对q影响很深Q?/span>其是王士倬和王助q两位导?/span>Q?/span>不仅注意引导钱学重视航I工E实践和刉工艺的探讨Q?/span>而且亦非常注意引D位即留学v外的学生全面了解国Q?/span>更加热爱中华。他们曾在课E中I插讲授不少我国古代的航I和火箭技术的U学史话。从三国的火兵器、唐代的装有火药的火?/span>Q?/span>到元代我国发明以Z黑火药ؓ(f)发射?/span>Q?/span>借助于直接反作用力将长箭发射出去Q?/span>h发射距离q?/span>Q?/span>IK力?/span>Q?/span>同时也可引v目标燃烧的多U功?/span>Q?/span>它的原理完全W合体力学。还讲到明代初期我国著名学者万?/span>Q?/span>利用47支火亲自体验进行飞行试验而献w的光辉事迹Q?/span>万虎被国际公认ؓ(f)是试囑ֈ用火作I载工L(fng)W一人?/span>
导师的这些讲?/span>Q?/span>佉K深受感动Q?/span>他进一步了解到国古代先h在航I科学技术方面所作的开创性的努力所取得的D世瞩目的成就Q?/span>认识C华民族对人类文明所作出的巨大A(ch)献。他常常感到作ؓ(f)一个炎黄子孙是值得自豪和骄(jing)傲的。ƈ军_到国外学?fn)飞机制造业Q?掌握先进U学技?/span>Q?/span>回国发展民族航空事业Q?/span>重振中华雄风报效国?/span>
2 钱学留师从冯•卡门ƈ获博士学?/span>[5 ]
?/span>1935q夏天的一个清?/span>Q?/span>他在父亲的陪同下来到上v黄港码?/span>Q?/span>M国“杰克逊ȝ号”邮轮奔向异国他乡的大洋彼岸。经q?/span>20个日日夜夜终于到辄国西岸Q?/span>到达后又辗{国东v怹滨D世瞻目的大学城——马萨诸塞州首府波士的坎布里奇市。进入麻省理工学院航I系攻读士学位。分配在该校11h24h间。钱学森暗自发笑Q?/span>因ؓ(f)他是1911q的生日Q?/span>今年恰好?/span>24 ?/span>Q?/span>“世上真?x)有q样巧合的事?/span>Q?/span>׃他怀着“学?fn)知?/span>Q?/span>报效国”的明确目的Q?/span>勤奋刻苦的学?fn)取得很好学?/span>Q?/span>他这U学?fn)精和聪明才智很快受到许多教师和同学的识。他仅仅用了一q时?/span>Q?/span>p得了飞机机械工程pȝ士学位?/span>
在麻省学?fn)期?/span>Q?/span>钱学屡ơ遭受美国的U族歧视Q?/span>遭受打击最严重的一ơ是Q?/span>按学校规定基U学与应用科学ƈ?/span>Q?/span>教学与科研相l合Q?/span>译֠教育与社?x)需要相l一。各专业学科的学生都要在学习(fn)期间内到各对口工厂科研部门实?fn)。他是学?fn)飞机机械工E专业的Q?/span>理应与本专业的美国学生一块到飞机刉工厂去实习(fn)和工作。没惛_国拒绝外国学生d?/span>Q?/span>后经交涉外国的白人学生都被接?/span>Q?/span>而唯独钱是中国h不准q厂实习(fn)。这使得钱学的民族自尊心受到极大的屈i。他请醒地认识到美国的民主自由Q?/span>q等博爱的虚伪和丑恶。更Ȁ发出他发奋图强的学习(fn)军_。这不禁使他惌v母校在他出国?/span>Q?/span>安排他到国内飞机厂实?/span>Q?/span>对他完成学业是多公重要。此时此M多么怀능国的亲h!
1936 q秋?/span>Q?/span>钱学获得硕士学位后Q?/span>从麻省来C加州理工学院航空p?/span>Q?/span>扑ֈ被称为美国航IZ?/span>Q?/span>著名的空气动力学教授Q?西奥多•冯•卡?/span>(von Karman)。要求拜他ؓ(f)?/span>Q?/span>攻读I气动力学和火箭的博士学位。经q一番交谈和有关力学斚w问题的测?/span>Q?/span>冯•卡门感到这位中国学生回{问题时对答如流Q?/span>h越一般学生的智慧和极其敏锐的思维判断能力。于是破格录取了׃ؓ(f)他的博士研究生?/span>
冯•卡门在回忆时写?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">1936q的一?/span>Q?/span>钱学来看我Q?/span>征询关于q一步进行学术研I的意见。这是我们第一ơ见面。我抬头看见一位个子不?/span>Q?/span>仪表严肃的年MhQ?/span>他异常准地回答了我所有的问题。他思维的敏捷和富于智慧Q?/span>时l我以深d象。我他{到加州理工学院来l箋深造?/span>
对这位大?/span>Q?/span>钱学佩服有?/span>Q?/span>在他l父亲信中写?/span>Q?span lang="EN-US">
我从 10 份vQ?/span>留学加州理工学院Q?投师于非常杰出的I气动力学权威冯•卡门。冯•卡门教授于加州理工学院L航空学系。全世界的科学界对这位大使极为向往。大师的d态度极ؓ(f)认真Q?/span>只有基础扎实Q?/span>最守纪律的学生Q?/span>如d国h、日本h、我们中国hQ?/span>才有资格在他的手下从事研I工作。MQ?/span>冯•卡门的谦逊和热情Q?/span>对事业一丝不苟的态度Q?/span>以及(qing)严}的治学精?/span>Q?/span>皆给儿很大媄(jing)响。儿追随这位大师攻ȝ气动力学Q?/span>也将在这位大师的w边度过几一生事业具有关键意义的时光。…?/span>
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冯卡门来函谈钱学?span lang="EN-US">(英文)
(1938q???/span> 国加州—昆?
President Mei
Tsinghua Unviersity
Kuming, Yunnan
China
Dear President Mei:
I understand that the Tsinghua University has considered the continuation of fellowships for graduate students studying in this country.
I am glad to endorse, very heartily, the application of Mr. H. S. Tsien. Mr. T sien passed his doctor’sexamination last month with good success, however, he is still working on his thesis. The delay is not his fault, because, at my suggestion, he has been, in the meantime,occupied with important research problems. The esult of one of h s researches has been published in The Journal of the A eronautical Sciences as a joint publication with me. His second paper on ?span lang="EN-US">the theory of projectiles”is finished, and will be printed very soon in The Journal of Applied Mechanics of the A merican Society of Mechanical Engineers. This paper found the interest of the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army, as an important contribution to the science of theoretical ballistics. A third joint paper with F. M alinaon ?span lang="EN-US">problems of the rocket propulsion”is finished in manuscript form , and will be published in a short time. So, you see that Mr. Tsien’s activities are very promising. I especially believe that if his fellow ship is continued for one more year, he will be quite an expert in the theory of compressible fluids, in high speed, and ballistic problems. It seems to me that the last field especially, is of very great importance for the future of your country. I hope that you will find it possible to continue Mr. T sien’s fellowship for the next academic year.
I met Dr. Wattendorf a few weeks ago.Fortunately, he has made great progress as far as health is concerned, and now , for the time being, he is starting with home work. I understand that he plans the publication of one or two papers on the wind tunnel work which be carried out in China under your and Dr. Ku’s supervision.
Please give my regards to Dr. Ku and other members of your Faculty.
Very sincerely yours,
Th. von Karman
清华校友M(x)服务?/span>
清华校友M(x)订阅?/span>